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- <text id=89TT2534>
- <title>
- Sep. 25, 1989: Time For Some Fuzzy Thinking
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Sep. 25, 1989 Boardwalk Of Broken Dreams
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- TECHNOLOGY, Page 79
- Time for Some Fuzzy Thinking
- </hdr><body>
- <p>An oddball approach to computer science pays off in Japan
- </p>
- <p>By Philip Elmer-Dewitt
- </p>
- <p> In the pages of Books in Print, listed among works like
- Fuzzy Bear and Fuzzy Wuzzy Puppy, are some strange-sounding
- titles: Fuzzy Systems, Fuzzy Set Theory and Fuzzy Reasoning &
- Its Applications. The bedtime reading of scientists gone soft
- in the head? No, these academic tomes are the collected output
- of 25 years of mostly American research in fuzzy logic, a branch
- of mathematics designed to help computers simulate the various
- kinds of vagueness and uncertainty found in everyday life.
- Despite a distinguished corps of devoted followers, however,
- fuzzy logic has been largely relegated to the back shelves of
- computer science -- at least in the U.S.
- </p>
- <p> But not, it turns out, in Japan. As they have so often in
- the past, the Japanese have seized on an American invention and
- found practical uses for it. Suddenly the term fuzzy and
- products based on principles of fuzzy logic seem to be
- everywhere in Japan: in television documentaries, in corporate
- magazine ads and in novel electronic gadgets ranging from
- computer-controlled air conditioners to golf-swing analyzers.
- The concept of fuzziness has struck a cultural chord in a
- society whose religions and philosophies are attuned to
- ambiguity and contradiction. Says Noboru Wakami, a senior
- researcher at Matsushita: "It's like soy sauce and sushi -- a
- perfect match."
- </p>
- <p> What is fuzzy logic? The original concept, developed in the
- mid-'60s by Lofti Zadeh, a Russian-born professor of computer
- science at the University of California, Berkeley, is that
- things in the real world do not fall into the neat, crisp
- categories defined by traditional set theory, like the set of
- even numbers or the set of left-handed baseball players. In
- standard Aristotelian logic, as in computer science, membership
- in a class or set is not a matter of degree. Either a number is
- even, or it is not. But this on-or-off, black-or-white, 0-or-1
- approach falls apart when applied to many everyday
- classifications, like the set of beautiful women, the set of
- tall men or the set of very cold days.
- </p>
- <p> To deal with such cases, Zadeh proposed that membership in
- a set be measured not as a 0 or a 1, but as a value between 0
- and 1. Thus, in the set of tall men, George Bush (6 ft. 2 in.)
- might have a membership value of 0.7, while Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
- (7 ft. 2 in.) might have a 0.99. Zadeh and his students went on
- to elaborate a full fuzzy mathematics, devising precise rules
- for combining vague expressions like "somewhat fast," "very hot"
- and "usually wrong."
- </p>
- <p> This mathematics turns out to be surprisingly useful for
- controlling robots, machine tools and various electronic
- systems. A conventional air conditioner, for example, recognizes
- only two basic states: too hot or too cold. When geared for
- thermostat control, the cooling system either operates at full
- blast or shuts off completely. A fuzzy air conditioner, by
- contrast, would recognize that some room temperatures are closer
- to the human comfort zone than others. Its cooling system would
- begin to slow down gradually as the room temperature approached
- the desired setting. Result: a more comfortable room and a
- smaller electric bill.
- </p>
- <p> Fuzzy logic began to find applications in industry in the
- early '70s, when it was teamed with another form of advanced
- computer science called the expert system. A product of research
- into artificial intelligence, expert systems solve complex
- problems somewhat like human experts do -- by applying rules of
- thumb. (Example: when the oven gets very hot, turn the gas down
- a bit.) In 1980 F.L. Smidth & Co. of Copenhagen began marketing
- the first commercial fuzzy expert system: a computer program
- that controlled the fuel-intake rate and gas flow of a rotating
- kiln used to make cement.
- </p>
- <p> Despite such successes, fuzzy logic was not well received
- in the U.S. Scientists pointed out that uncertainty and
- vagueness could be represented perfectly well by more
- traditional means, like statistics or probability theory. Some
- of the criticism bordered on the vituperative, and the tenets
- of fuzzy logic were dismissed with terms ranging from "comical"
- to "content-free."
- </p>
- <p> The Japanese, however, showed no such resistance, perhaps
- because their culture is not so deeply rooted in scientific
- rationalism. Says Bart Kosko, a Zadeh protege and a professor
- of electrical engineering at the University of Southern
- California: "Fuzziness begins where Western logic ends." In the
- early '80s several Japanese firms plunged enthusiastically into
- fuzzy research. By 1985 Hitachi had installed the technology's
- most celebrated showpiece: a subway system in Sendai, about 200
- miles north of Tokyo, that is operated by a fuzzy computer. Not
- only does it give an astonishingly smooth ride (passengers do
- not need to hang on to straps), but it is also 10% more energy
- efficient than systems driven by human conductors.
- </p>
- <p> Japanese researchers are pursuing more than 100 new
- applications for fuzzy logic. Nissan has patented fuzzy auto
- transmission and antiskid braking systems. Yamaichi Securities
- has introduced a fuzzy stock-market investment program for
- signaling shifts in market sentiment. Canon is working on a
- fuzzy auto-focus camera. Matsushita has delivered a fuzzy
- automobile-traffic controller, and is about to unveil a fuzzy
- shower system that adjusts to changes in water temperature to
- prevent morning scaldings. And in the strongest endorsement of
- the technology to date, the Ministry of International Trade and
- Industry opened the Laboratory for International Fuzzy
- Engineering Research in Yokohama and called for funding of some
- $34 million over the next six years.
- </p>
- <p> The U.S. is not totally out of the fuzzy picture yet. A
- small firm in Irvine, Calif., Togai InfraLogic, has already
- achieved several of the goals MITI set for itself, including a
- fuzzy computer chip that can perform 28,600 fuzzy-logical
- inferences per sec. (FLIPS). And NASA is experimenting with
- fuzzy controllers that could help astronauts pilot the shuttle
- in earth orbit. The results so far, say NASA officials, are
- encouraging, and there is growing interest at such aerospace
- firms as Rockwell and Boeing. "The only barrier remaining" to
- wider use of fuzzy logic, says Kosko, "is the philosophical
- resistance of the West."
- </p>
- <p>--Norihiko Shirouzu/Tokyo
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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